Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Staging
After lung cancer has been diagnosed, tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the lungs or to other parts of the body.
- Lymph node biopsy: The removal of all or part of a lymph node. A pathologist views the tissue under a microscope to look for cancer cells.
- Mediastinoscopy: A surgical procedure to look at the organs, tissues, and lymph nodes between the lungs for abnormal areas. An incision (cut) is made at the top of the breastbone and a mediastinoscope is inserted into the chest. A mediastinoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue or lymph node samples, which are checked under a microscope for signs of cancer.
- Anterior mediastinotomy: A surgical procedure to look at the organs and tissues between the lungs and between the breastbone and heart for abnormal areas. An incision (cut) is made next to the breastbone and a mediastinoscope is inserted into the chest. A mediastinoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue or lymph node samples, which are checked under a microscope for signs of cancer. This is also called the Chamberlain procedure.
Occult (hidden) Stage
In the occult (hidden) stage, cancer cells are found in sputum (mucus coughed up from the lungs), but no tumor can be found in the lung by imaging or bronchoscopy, or the primary tumor is too small to be checked.
Stage 0 (Carcinoma in Situ)
In stage 0, abnormal cells are found in the innermost lining of the lung. These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue. Stage 0 is also called carcinoma in situ.
Stage I
In stage I, cancer has formed. Stage I is divided into stages IA and IB:
- Stage IA: The tumor is in the lung only and is 3 centimeters or smaller.
- Stage IB: One or more of the following is true:
- The tumor is larger than 3 centimeters.
- Cancer has spread to the main bronchus of the lung, and is at least 2 centimeters from the carina (where the trachea joins the bronchi).
- Cancer has spread to the innermost layer of the membrane that covers the lungs.
- The tumor partly blocks the bronchus or bronchioles and part of the lung has collapsed or developed pneumonitis (inflammation of the lung).
Stage II
Stage II is divided into stages IIA and IIB:
- Stage IIA: The tumor is 3 centimeters or smaller and cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes on the same side of the chest as the tumor.
- Stage IIB:
- Cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes on the same side of the chest as the tumor and one or more of the following is true:
- The tumor is larger than 3 centimeters.
- Cancer has spread to the main bronchus of the lung and is 2 centimeters or more from the carina (where the trachea joins the bronchi).
- Cancer has spread to the innermost layer of the membrane that covers the lungs.
- The tumor partly blocks the bronchus or bronchioles and part of the lung has collapsed or developed pneumonitis (inflammation of the lung).
- Cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes on the same side of the chest as the tumor and one or more of the following is true:
or
- Cancer has not spread to lymph nodes and one or more of the following is true:
- The tumor may be any size and cancer has spread to the chest wall, or the diaphragm, or the pleura between the lungs, or membranes surrounding the heart.
- Cancer has spread to the main bronchus of the lung and is no more than 2 centimeters from the carina (where the trachea meets the bronchi), but has not spread to the trachea.
- Cancer blocks the bronchus or bronchioles and the whole lung has collapsed or developed pneumonitis (inflammation of the lung).
Stage III
In stage IIIA, cancer has spread to lymph nodes on the same side of the chest as the tumor. Also:
- The tumor may be any size.
- Cancer may have spread to the main bronchus, the chest wall, the diaphragm, the pleura around the lungs, or the membrane around the heart, but has not spread to the trachea.
- Part or all of the lung may have collapsed or developed pneumonitis (inflammation of the lung).
In stage IIIB, the tumor may be any size and has spread:
- To lymph nodes above the collarbone or in the opposite side of the chest from the tumor; and/or
- To any of the following:
- Heart.
- Major blood vessels that lead to or from the heart.
- Chest wall.
- Diaphragm.
- Trachea.
- Esophagus.
- Sternum (chest bone) or backbone.
- More than one place in the same lobe of the lung.
- The fluid of the pleural cavity surrounding the lung.
Stage IV
In stage IV, cancer may have spread to lymph nodes and has spread to another lobe of the lungs or to other parts of the body, such as the brain, liver, adrenal glands, kidneys, or bone.